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Western Australia - Legislation

State Children Act 1907 (1907 - 1948)

  • State Children Act 1907 (WA)

    State Children Act 1907 (WA), courtesy of State Law Publisher of Western Australia.
    Details

From
1907
To
1948
Categories
Principal Act
Website
https://www.legislation.wa.gov.au/legislation/prod/filestore.nsf/FileURL/mrdoc_13958.pdf/$FILE/State%20Children%20Act%201907%20-%20%5B00-00-00%5D.pdf?OpenElement

The State Children Act came into effect in Western Australia in 1907. It repealed the Industrial Schools Act 1874 (and related Amendment Acts of 1877 and 1822) and the Industrial and Reformatory Schools Act 1893. Its stated purpose was 'to make better provision for the Protection, Control, Maintenance, and Reformation of Neglected and Destitute Children, and for other purposes'. The Act set up the State Children Department and mechanisms to regulate the institutions and people that 'cared' for or punished children. The Act also established the Children's Court of WA and regulated the employment of children and young people. The Regulations for the Act were gazetted on 27 March 1908. The State Children Act 1907 was repealed by the Child Welfare Act 1947, which commenced on 10 January 1948.

Details

The State Children Act was very wide-ranging in its scope. It covered:

  • The powers and operations of the State Children Department
  • Instititutions for the 'care' of children, including which institutions would be subsidised by the government
  • The powers and operations of the Children's Courts, including the treatment of children which the Court found to be 'neglected' or 'uncontrollable' or who were 'habitual truants', and penalties for adults who harmed children
  • The financial maintenance which should be paid by relatives of children in 'care' or in need
  • The 'committal' of children to the 'care' of the state or to an institution or to a private person such as a licensed foster mother
  • Licensing people to employ children
  • Registration of 'lying-in' (or maternity) homes and foster mothers
  • Matters that would be penalised and the form of penalty, including whipping a child

Section 4 of the Act defined a 'destitute child', as 'any child whom the Children's Court found had no sufficient means of subsistence' and whose near relatives were, in the Court's opinion, 'in indigent circumstances and unable to support such child, or are dead, or unknown, or cannot be found', or were out of the State or in the custody of the law.

The State Children Act contains some provisions that a reader today would find astonishing. But in 1907, it was seen to be very modern and progressive. The State Librarian, JS Battye wrote in 1911 that the State Children Act was based on South Australian legislation and that it was 'doubtful whether any better pattern could have been selected.' The Western Mail said in 1908 that the Act was based on 'months of deliberation and study' with 'a very genuine desire on behalf of the Government to enter into the perplexing difficulties and dangers which surround child life, and more particularly unwanted, and therefore unprotected, child life.'

The extent of danger to which children were exposed had been brought to public attention in the Alice Mitchell baby farming case in early 1907 and this no doubt acted as a spur to reforms that were already in the pipeline.

The values of the day were firmly entrenched in the Act, as Battye described:

It aims at providing for the waifs and strays who may properly be called the children of the State. Wherever possible it fastens responsibility on the parents, and does not sunder those natural ties. It cares for juvenile offenders, and seeks to prevent, so far as possible, the development of criminal inclinations in them. Those children who do wrong are charged in a separate Court from which all but those actually engaged in the case are excluded, and thus the demoralising effects of a public exhibition are avoided. page 504

The State Children Act built a system of out of home care around two approaches: institutional care and boarding-out. In doing this, it retained the role that had been played by private (religious) institutions since the 1860s and moved beyond the inadequate safeguards of the Infant Life Protection provisions in the Health Act 1898 which had covered children placed in private homes. The Western Mail outlines the 1908 view of this dual-system:

The fact has to be faced in dealing with unwanted and State children, that no system yet evolved is perfect, and the the two now known as tho institutional and the boarding-out system are both necessary to the well-being of children in their different spheres of activity. Both are responsible for failures as well as successes. Those people who have come into contact with any child that has suffered by being in an institution will naturally place more reliance in the system of boarding-out. while those who have known of cases of atrocious cruelty that have happened to a boarded-out child will lean favourably towards the institution where inspection is easier of attainment. Both systems must be judged.without prejudice.

Clearly, inspection and regulation were important. An aspect of the Act which gained public approval was the appointment of voluntary inspectors. A consequence of the Mitchell baby-farming case had been the conviction of two Health Department inspectors, who failed to prevent or indeed inquire into multiple infant deaths. According to the Western Mail, the 'one danger that threatens paid inspection is that it can so easily become mechanical, whereas in the case of the work voluntarily performed for love it is lifted into an altogether different and often higher plane.' Certainly there was a belief at the time that voluntary inspectors had made a large contribution to the success of the South Australian legislation upon which the State Children Act was based.

Section 15 of the State Children Act 1907 enabled certain organisations to receive a subsidy for some of the children accommodated.

(1) The Government Industrial School at Subiaco, established before the commencement of this Act, is hereby declared to be a Government institution within the meaning and for the purposes of this Act. (2.) The orphanages and industrial and reformatory schools established before the commencement of this Act, specified in the Second Schedule, are hereby declared to be subsidised institutions within the meaning and for the purposes of this Act.' 'Section 15. SECOND SCHEDULE. The St. Joseph's Roman Catholic Orphanage, Subiaco ; the Church of England Girls' Orphanage, Adelaide Terrace, Perth ; the Swan Boys' Orphanage, near Midland Junction ; the Clontarf Roman Catholic Orphanage, near Victoria Park ; the St. Kevin's Roman Catholic Industrial School, near Leederville ; the Red Hill Industrial School, near Midland Junction ; the Salvation Army Industrial Schools for Boys and Girls, near Collie.

The Regulations for the Act were gazetted on 27 March 1908.

Timeline

 1874 - 1893 Industrial Schools Act 1874
       1893 - 1907 Industrial and Reformatory Schools Act 1893
             1907 - 1948 State Children Act 1907
                   1948 - 2006 Child Welfare Act 1947
                         2004 - Children and Community Services Act 2004

Related Glossary Terms

Related Legislation

Related Organisations

Publications

Books

  • Battye, JS, The Cyclopedia of Western Australia (1912), Hesperian Press, Victoria Park, 1985. Vol 1, p.504. Details

Book Sections

  • 'Colonial Secretary's Department', in JS Battye (ed.), The Cyclopedia of Western Australia (1912), vol. 1, Hesperian Press, Victoria Park, 1985, pp. 502-507. Details
  • Worral, Jennifer, 'Baby Farming', in Gregory, Jenny and Jan Gothard [editors] (eds), Historical Encyclopedia of Western Australia, University of Western Australia Press, Crawley, W.A., 2009, p. 118. Details

Reports

  • Annual report of the State Children Department, State Children's Department, [Perth, W.A.], 1908-1927. 1909, p.3. Details
  • Western Australia. Charities Department, Report by the Superintendent of Public Charities and Inspector of Industrial and Reformatory Schools, Government Printer, Perth, [W.A.], 1899-1907. Details

Online Resources

Photos

General instructions
Title
General instructions
Type
Document
Date
1907 - 1920
Source
Salvation Army Heritage Museum WA, Collie Estate child homes closed file
Note
‘General Instructions’ makes reference to the State Children Act 1907 regulations about punishment of children in industrial schools and orphanages.

Details

State Children Act 1907 (WA)
Title
State Children Act 1907 (WA)
Type
Document
Date
1907
Source
State Law Publisher of Western Australia

Details

Sources used to compile this entry: Annual report of the State Children Department, State Children's Department, [Perth, W.A.], 1908-1927. 1909, p.3.; 'Care of the Children', Western Mail, Charles Harper, J.W. Hackett, James Gibey, for the Western mail office, Perth, 25 January 1908, p. 39, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37573895; To Remove and Protect: Aboriginal Lives Under Control [website], 2010, https://aiatsis.gov.au/collection/featured-collections/remove-and-protect; Battye, JS, The Cyclopedia of Western Australia (1912), Hesperian Press, Victoria Park, 1985. Vol 1, p.504.; Worral, Jennifer, 'Baby Farming', in Gregory, Jenny and Jan Gothard [editors] (eds), Historical Encyclopedia of Western Australia, University of Western Australia Press, Crawley, W.A., 2009, p. 118; Law Research Service, Melbourne Law School, Law Library, The University of Melbourne. 'Find and Connect Project - Western Australia Legislation', 13 December 2013, held in the project files at the University of Melbourne eScholarship Research Centre.

Prepared by: Debra Rosser